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Bavli Menachot Inget betyg

§ The Sage Peleimu raised a dilemma before Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: In the case of one who has two heads, on which of them does he don phylacteries? Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: Either get up and exile yourself from here or accept upon yourself excommunication for asking such a ridiculous question. In the meantime, a certain man arrived and said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: A firstborn child has been born to me who has two heads. How much money must I give to the priest for the redemption of the firstborn? A certain elder came and taught him: You are obligated to give him ten sela, the requisite five for each head. בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ פְּלֵימוֹ מֵרַבִּי: מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ שְׁנֵי רָאשִׁים, בְּאֵיזֶה מֵהֶן מַנִּיחַ תְּפִילִּין? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אוֹ קוּם גְּלִי, אוֹ קַבֵּל עֲלָךְ שַׁמְתָּא. אַדְּהָכִי אֲתָא הָהוּא גַּבְרָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִיתְיְלִיד לִי יָנוֹקָא דְּאִית לֵיהּ תְּרֵי רֵישֵׁי, כַּמָּה בָּעֵינָא לְמִיתַּב לְכֹהֵן? אֲתָא הָהוּא סָבָא תְּנָא לֵיהּ: חַיָּיב לִיתֵּן לוֹ עֲשָׂרָה סְלָעִים.

Bavli Menachot (Sida 37a:7)

citerade Bavli Menachot

Bavli Menachot Inget betyg

§ Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: When Moses ascended on High, he found the Holy One, Blessed be He, sitting and tying crowns on the letters of the Torah. Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, who is preventing You from giving the Torah without these additions? God said to him: There is a man who is destined to be born after several generations, and Akiva ben Yosef is his name; he is destined to derive from each and every thorn of these crowns mounds upon mounds of halakhot [judiska lagar]. It is for his sake that the crowns must be added to the letters of the Torah.

Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, show him to me. God said to him: Return behind you [på hebreiska är framtiden grammatiskt "bakom" en och dåtiden "framför"]. Moses went and sat at the end of the eighth row in Rabbi Akiva’s study hall and did not understand what they were saying. Moses’ strength waned, as he thought his Torah knowledge was deficient. When Rabbi Akiva arrived at the discussion of one matter, his students said to him: My teacher, from where do you derive this? Rabbi Akiva said to them: It is a halakha transmitted to Moses from Sinai. When Moses heard this, his mind was put at ease, as this too was part of the Torah that he was to receive.

Moses returned and came before the Holy One, Blessed be He, and said before Him: Master of the Universe, You have a man as great as this and yet You still choose to give the Torah through me. Why? God said to him: Be silent; this intention arose before Me. Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, You have shown me Rabbi Akiva’s Torah, now show me his reward. God said to him: Return to where you were. Moses went back and saw that they were weighing Rabbi Akiva’s flesh in a butcher shop [bemakkulin], as Rabbi Akiva was tortured to death by the Romans. Moses said before Him: Master of the Universe, this is Torah and this is its reward? God said to him: Be silent; this intention arose before Me.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה, אָמַר רַב: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָלָה מֹשֶׁה לַמָּרוֹם, מְצָאוֹ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיּוֹשֵׁב וְקוֹשֵׁר כְּתָרִים לָאוֹתִיּוֹת, אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, מִי מְעַכֵּב עַל יָדֶךָ? אָמַר לוֹ: אָדָם אֶחָד יֵשׁ שֶׁעָתִיד לִהְיוֹת בְּסוֹף כַּמָּה דּוֹרוֹת וַעֲקִיבָא בֶּן יוֹסֵף שְׁמוֹ, שֶׁעָתִיד לִדְרוֹשׁ עַל כׇּל קוֹץ וָקוֹץ תִּילִּין תִּילִּין שֶׁל הֲלָכוֹת. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הַרְאֵהוּ לִי, אָמַר לוֹ: חֲזוֹר לַאֲחוֹרֶךָ. הָלַךְ וְיָשַׁב בְּסוֹף שְׁמוֹנֶה שׁוּרוֹת, וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מָה הֵן אוֹמְרִים, תָּשַׁשׁ כֹּחוֹ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְדָבָר אֶחָד, אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו: רַבִּי, מִנַּיִן לָךְ? אָמַר לָהֶן: ״הֲלָכָה לְמֹשֶׁה מִסִּינַי״, נִתְיַישְּׁבָה דַּעְתּוֹ. חָזַר וּבָא לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם כָּזֶה וְאַתָּה נוֹתֵן תּוֹרָה עַל יָדִי? אָמַר לוֹ: שְׁתוֹק, כָּךְ עָלָה בְּמַחְשָׁבָה לְפָנַי. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הִרְאִיתַנִי תּוֹרָתוֹ, הַרְאֵנִי שְׂכָרוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ: חֲזוֹר. חָזַר לַאֲחוֹרָיו, רָאָה שֶׁשּׁוֹקְלִין בְּשָׂרוֹ בְּמָקוֹלִין. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, זוֹ תּוֹרָה וְזוֹ שְׂכָרָהּ? אָמַר לוֹ: שְׁתוֹק, כָּךְ עָלָה בְּמַחְשָׁבָה לְפָנַי.

Bavli Menachot (Sida 29b:3 - 29b:5)

En av de mer kända berättelserna i Talmud, där det är uppenbart att varje ord (på originalspråket) bär en berättelse i sig. Har lagt många timmar på att studera bara de här verserna över åren.

Abraham Joshua Heschel: Maimonides (1983, Farrar, Straus and Giroux) Inget betyg

Maimonides had his own opinions of the theological theories of the renegade interpreter of the Bible, and the stargazing fatalists. Maimonides had thorough knowledge of the ramified literature of the Arabs, and he detected the source of astrology in heathen worship of the stars. He rejected astrology both as an astronomer and as a philosopher. The science of astronomy, so he felt, refuted the two basic assumptions of astrological belief; i.e., that there are lucky and unlucky stars, and that the position of such a star at one point is "favorable" and at another "unfavorable". Both assertions were false, he said, because the spheres were the same everywhere.

He spoke of the absurd arguments "that the astrologers dig up when they allege that a specific time of birth will endow an individual with a virtue or a failing and irresistibly force him to act the way he does. A precept which is taught in concordance by both our religion and Greek philosophy and whose certitude is substantiated by the most conclusive evidence is that a man's actions are up to him, that he is not subject to any outer constraint or influence. There is only a temperemental disposition which makes something easy or difficult for a human being; but it is not true that he must do it or cannot do it. If a man were fated to perform his actions, then all of the commandments and prohibitions of the divine Law would be useless and purposeless, they would all be sheer trumpery, since, after all, a man would have no free will. /.../

Maimonides decided to warn the Yemenite Jews to blot astrology out of their thinking. "Purge your thoughts of astrology, the way one cleanses a sullied garment of filth! . . . Pay no heed when someone speaks of a superior or inferior conjunction!" he called to them. /.../ "For all astrological statements are senseless and untrue, anyone making them is a fool or a madman, or intentionally contradicting the Torah - as though the Deluge and the destruction of Sodom had been caused by the stars and not by the sins of men and the will of God!"

Maimonides av  (Sida 110 - 113)

Utdrag ur Rambams syn på astrologi.

Abraham Joshua Heschel: Maimonides (1983, Farrar, Straus and Giroux) Inget betyg

Now that [Maimonides] father was dead, he was faced with the question of a livelihood. The normal nad natural solution would habe been the rabbinate. A rabbi's income was certain. According to Maimonides, both individuals and communities were expected to donate specific sums, and attempts were made to convince them that they should maintain scholars, students, and others who studies the Torah and whose trade was the Torah. But it went against Maimonides's grain to use the Torah as a spade. The notion that the communities were obligated to subsidize scholars in their studies was something he regarded as an "error, for neither the Torah nor the books of the later sages have any guiding principle, any indication to support this."

No one could demonstrate that the great teachers of the past "demanded money from people; they did not collect money for respected and distinguished academies, or for the exiles, or for their judges, or for those men who propagated the Torah, or for any important scholar or for anyone else among the people. Had Hillel asked for help, they would have filled his house with gold and precious stones, but he did not wish to take anything, he nourished himself from the proceeds of his work; he scorned donations for the sake of Torah.

"It is said that a heavenly voice proclaimed about Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa: 'The whole world is fed because of the virtuousness of my son Hanina, and my son Hanina is satisfied with a measure of carob from one Friday to the next, and he never asks anything of anyone.' Karna was a judge in Palestine and a water carrier, and when litigants appeared before him, he said to them: 'Hire someone to carry the water for me or replace what I lose through the trial, then I will decide your case.' The Jews of that time were not so hardhearted as not to practice charity, and we do not find that even one of those poor teachers rebuked his contemporaries for not giving him wealth. But the poor rabbis were pious, they believed in truth, they believed in God and the teachings of Moses, through which man can partake of the afterlife; that is why they did not presume to exact money from people, because they realized that accepting money would desecrate the Name of God, and people might think that the Torah was like any other trade for earning a living. The man who believed this makes the Word of God despicable. Truly, people err when they dare to strike truth in the face and act against the clear and simple statements in the Bible."

Maimonides av  (Sida 63 - 64)

Abraham Joshua Heschel: Maimonides (1983, Farrar, Straus and Giroux) Inget betyg

In this period of his spiritual and intellectual development, Maimonides seems to affirm that the extreme humility he demands of all men goes to the extreme of self-abasement. He found the standard for this in a story he enjoyed telling: "A pious Gentile was asked: Tell us on what day you felt the greatest joy of your life. The pious man replied: I was once sailing on a ship. My place was in a a shabby corner, where the bundles of clothing were stored. Merchants and well-to-do men were also on board. One of the voyagers, who felt a call of nature, entered this room, where I lay in my spot, with my face looking up. The well-to-do voyager found me so unworthy and despicable that he soiled me. I was amazed at this insolence, but - by God! - I felt neither insulted nor angry. This equanimity of my soul, which I experienced, brought me a feeling of bliss. That was the greatest joy of my life."

Maimonides av  (Sida 50)

Kommer de, så skjuter jag oss (Hardcover, Swedish language, 2019, Lind & Co)

Skildring av svensk antisemitism tidigt 1900-tal (återpublicerad)

(Jiddisch nedan) Jag har äntligen läst Bernt Hermeles ”Kommer de, så skjuter jag oss”. När jag väl tog upp den var den omöjlig att lägga ner igen. En otroligt stark genomgång av hur djupt rotad svensk antisemitism var i både tanke och verksamhet långt innan men också under förintelsen. Tre saker bär jag särskilt med mig: 1. Idén om ashkenormativity behöver ett gott mått komplexitet för att fungera i Sverige. Även de icke-judar som hade en grundläggande respekt för sina judiska nästa visste ofta att skilja mellan den assimilerade tyska juden och den östeuropeiska juden. Så även med de tyska judar som kom in i svenska samhället. (Jiddischtalare vet det, om de bara känner till det föraktfulla namnet vi haft för tyska judar, jekes.) När vi pratar om att Gustav III började släppa in judar i landet utan att tvinga på dem ett dop är det viktigt att veta att …

recenserade Europa mot judarna 1880-1945 av Götz Aly

Götz Aly: Europa mot judarna 1880-1945 (Hardcover, Svenska language, 2018, Bokförlaget Daidalos 2018-05-12)

Den tyske historiken Götz Alys bok "Europa mot judarna" handlar om Förintelsens europeiska förhistorier och …

Återpublicerade läsanteckningar på Förintelsens minnesdag

Den tyska historikern Götz Aly har skrivit en bok vars namn kombinerar historikers fyndiga förmåga att titulera saker med munterheten i förintelselitteratur. Jag tänkte snabbt sammanfatta några av de intressantare skildringar han ger eller teser han driver.

  1. Bokens höjdpunkt är skildrandet av den europeiska nationalismens etniska homogeniseringsprocesser som till stor del ägde rum innan nazismens storhetstid. Längst med bland annan fransk-tyska gränsen, polsk-tyska gränsen och mellan Grekland och Turkiet skedde enorma kampanjer för att skapa etnisk homogenitet i länderna. Det är bara tre av de många homogeniseringsprojekten, men de särskiljer sig ändå i omfattning. Judar var inte det direkta målet med särskilt många av de här projekten, men de blev ofta särskilt utsatta, då de inte tillhörde gruppen som premierades, men inte heller kunde utvisas någonstans där de blev mottagna. Det är intressant att läsa om hur de här projekten berörde judar, men det som kanske är …